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The present paper deals with the phytosociological studies of Nichlaul forest. Important features of the forest concerning geographical location, topography, soil, climate and vegetational composition have been outlined. Eight types of plant communities have been recognised. The phytosociological characters noted in the field on visual estimation are dominance and sociability of perennial species. Only selected associates of the communities have been included in the table.

The eight types of communities described appear to be interrelated floristically. The sociological values show that 17.8% of the species are common to all the eight communities indicating a high degree of congnuity.

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The Satpura basin, located in central India, is the westernmost exposed Gondwana basin. This basin is situated south of the Narmada-Son Geofracture (NSG) and north of the Betul-Chhindwara plateau. The basin is spindle-shaped with a length to breadth ratio of 4:1. The shape of the basin is governed by the intersection of three prominent tectonic grains. These are (1) ENE-WSW strain parallel to the NSG strain in the north, (2) NW-SE trend conforming to thc Dharwar tectonic strain in the southwest and (3) NE-SW trend parallel to the Eastern Ghat tectonic strain.

The basin is subdivided into the Pench-Kanhan sub-basin in the south and Denwa sub-basin in the north. These sub-basins are separated by the Malni-Tamiya high which runs subparallel to the strike of the basin. The basin is occupied by outcropping Gondwana sediments of Permian, Triassic and Cretaceous age. These sediments are subdivided into the lower unit comprising Talchir, Barakar, Motur and Bijori Formations, the middle unit of Pachmarhi and Matkuli Formations and the upper unit of Jabalpur Formation and Infra-trappean sediments.

The evolution of the Satpura basin could be considered in terms of pre-rift, syn-rift and post-rift phases. The pre-rift phase is characterised by the development of sag in which sediments of the Talchir Formation were uniformly deposited. Sediments deposited in prograding fluvial and paludal environments, representing the Barakar Formation followed this. Tectonic readjustments related to initial break up of the Gondwanaland resulted in the development of a rift system in which remaining sediments of the Barakar Formation and entire Motur and Bijori Formations were deposited in a "Venetian blind" pattern due to progressive subsidence, rapid sedimentation and northward shift of depocentres caused by a northward migration of the rift. Thesc pre-rift and syn-rift phases were initiated in the Early Permian and culminated in Latest Permian. The post-rift phase, which was initiated in the Late Lower Triassic, witnessed the deposition of sediments of Pachmarhi and Matkuli Formations. Subsequent to the Jurassic hiatus, sediments of Jabalpur Formation were deposited overlapping thc older sediments. Deposition of Infra-trappean sediments was the last episode of the post-rift phase. These are essentially calcretes formed on the peneplained surfaces of the older Gondwana sediments.

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The Fulra limestone (middle Eocene) exposed in the areas around Jhadwa and Harudi villages, southwestern, Kachchh reveals presence of a rich assemblage of calcareous algae belonging to the Chlorophyceae and Rhodophyceae along with abundant foraminifera. In the present paper, eight species belonging to eight genera of calcareous algae are described. These include Dissocladella longijangensis, Sporolithon keenani, Corallina crossmanni, Arthrocardia sp. Misra et al. 2001, Lithothamnion ishigakiensis, Melobesioideae gen. et spec. indet. 1, Melobesioideae gen. et spec. indet. 2 and Lithoporella melobesioides. Out of these, one taxon belongs to the family Dasycladaceae. Among the remaining taxa, one taxon to the family Sporolithaceae, three taxa to the family Corallinaceae and three to the family Hapalidiaceae. Two coralline species, Corallina crossmanni and Lithothamnion ishigakiensis, are recorded for the first time from India. Another species (Dissocladella longijangensis), though known from other areas of India, is new to the study area.

The dominant group of the calcareous algal association in the study area is represented by non-geniculate coralline algae comprising Hapalidiaceae, Corallinaceae and Sporolithaceae; the minor component is represented by dasyclads (chlorophyceae). These algal groups, together with their growth-forms (arbosescent, encrusting to fruticose, warty), and the associated foraminifera indicate that the depositional environment of the Fulra limestone ranged from deeper innerto mid-ramp environment (40-80 m) in the upper photic zone.

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This paper aims to review the developments in the bioadhesive drug delivery systems to provide basic principles to the young scientists, which will be useful to circumvent the difficulties associated with the formulation design. Bioadhesion can be obtained by the building of either non-specific interactions with the mucosal surface, which are driven by the physicochemical properties of the particles and the surfaces, or specific interactions when a ligand attached to the particle is used for the recognition and attachment to a specific site at the mucosal surface. Starting with a review of the oral mucosa, mechanism of drug permeation, and characteristics of the desired polymers, this article then proceeds to cover the theories behind the adhesion of bioadhesive polymers to the mucosal epithelium. The primary goal of bioadhesive controlled drug delivery is to localize a delivery device within the body to enhance the drug absorption process in a site-specific manner. This article reviews desirable properties of bioadhesive polymers and the latest advancement in the field.

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If f(z) is a meromorphic function of order ρ(f) (0 ≤ ρ(f) < ∞) and lower order λ(f), then

ρ(f) = Max {λ(f), ρ₁(0),ρ₁(∞)}

where ρ₁(0) and ρ₁(∞) are the exponents of convergence of the zeros and poles respectively, of f{z).

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Theoretical computation of sound velocity and their bulk modulus for many lubricating oils having various applications in machinery and daily lives at different ranges of temperature over the entire concentration range has been done from the measured data of Mia and Ohno. An attempt has also been envisaged to predict the molecular interactions and molecular structure involved therein and also to establish relationship among sound velocity, surface tension, adiabatic compressibility and their bulk modulus. It is found that theoretical results for sound velocity agreed well within the experimental precision when compared with experimental data. These properties are helpful in predicting the group of the lubricating oil of which they belong.

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The Quaternary sediments of the Aramda Reef Member of the Chaya Formation exposed in the Mojap coast near Mithapur, Gujarat are characterized by well-developed coralline algal build-ups. These algal build-ups are exceptionally rich in coralline algae and corals. In the present paper, thirteen species belonging to eight genera of coralline algae are described. Out of these, seven species (Titanoderma nataliae, Lithophyllum nitorum, Lithophyllum quadratum, Spongites sp. Brandano et al., 2005, Sporolithon lvovicum, Mesophyllum fructiferum and Lithothamnion praefruticulosum) are the new records for India. Four species (Titanoderma pustulatum, Sporolithon intermedium, Mesophyllum commune and Phymatolithon sp.) are first time recorded from the study area. Among the major framework builders of coralline algae of the Aramda Reef Member are Lithophyllum, Titanoderma, Sporolithon, Mesophyllum and Lithothamnion.

Two associations of the coralline algal assemblages can be distinguished: one indicating shallow water, high-energy conditions is developed in the upper part, while the other suggesting deposition in low-energy conditions is characteristic of the lower part of the succession. These algal associations, together with their growth-forms (encrusting, warty to fruticose, layered) come from stratigraphically separate beds. They indicate that the temperature, depth and hydrodynamic energy conditions also fluctuated during deposition of the Aramda Reef Member. It is concluded that the lower Hapalidiaceae-Sporolithaceae association dominated during warmer interval, whereas the upper lithophylloids association flourished in relatively low-temperature conditions. The associated corals indicate that minimum winter sea surface temperature remained above 18°-20° C.

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Snow and urban land cover are important due to their role in hydrological management and utility, climate response, social aspects and economic viability, along with influencing the Earth’s environment at local, regional and global scale. Hyperspectral data enable identification, characterization and retrieval of these land-cover features based on physical and chemical properties of compositional materials. AVIRISNG hyperspectral airborne data, with synchronous ground observations using field spectroradiometer and collateral instruments, were collected over two widely varied land-cover types, viz. a relatively homogenous area covered by snow in the extreme cold environment of the Himalaya (Bhaga sub-basin, Himachal Pradesh), and a completely heterogeneous urban area of a metropolitan city (Ahmedabad, Gujarat).

AVIRIS-NG airborne data were analysed to understand the effect of terrain parameters such as slope and aspect on snow reflectance. Snow grain index using visible and near-infrared (VNIR) bands and absorption peak in the near-infrared (NIR) were used to retrieve grain size in parts of the Himalayan region. A radiative transfer model was used to understand the grain size variability and its effect on absorption peak in NIR. Continuum removal was performed for snow spectral observations obtained from airborne, modelled and field platforms to estimate band depth at 1030 nm. Grain size was observed to vary with altitude from 100 to 500 μm using AVIRIS-NG image. In the urban area, the data also separated pervious and impervious surface cover using spectral unmixing technique, identified several urban features over multispectral data such as buildings with red tiled roofs, metallic surfaces and tarpaulin sheets using the material spectral profiles. Two single-frame superresolution methods namely sparse regression and natural prior (SRP), and gradient profile prior (GPP) were applied on AVIRIS-NG data for the mixed environment around Kankaria Lake in the city of Ahmedabad, which revealed that SRP method was better than GPP, and affirmed by eight indices. Preliminary analysis of AVIRIS-NG imaging over snow-covered areas and densely populated cities indicated utility of future spaceborne hyperspectral missions, particularly for hydrological and climatological applications in such diverse environments.

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